永州地区早春大棚甜瓜新品种引进比较试验

为筛选出适宜永州地区早春大棚种植的甜瓜新品种,通过随机区组设计,对6个参试甜瓜品种进行比较。试验结果表明,脆禧表现为早熟,一品红、玉菇生育期与CK(雪峰蜜2号)接近,3个品种均表现高产,且商品性、口感、含糖量较优,因此认为脆禧、一品红、玉菇这3个品种适宜在湖南永州地区推广种植。     

高产条件下日光温室越冬茬黄瓜适宜滴灌量研究

为了明确京郊日光温室越冬茬黄瓜高产栽培所需的适宜滴灌量,以黄瓜"津优35"为试材,研究了不同滴灌量对黄瓜灌溉水分配、产量、品质、水分利用效率和经济效益的影响。结果表明:85%农户常规灌溉量处理较对照节水50.8 mm,深层渗漏量减少42.6%,黄瓜产量提高3.6 t/hm~2,可溶性糖含量提高17.3%,硝酸盐含量降低5.0 mg/kg,果实品质提高;水分利用效率提高3.61 kg/m~3,增收1.42万元/hm~2。综合来看,85%农户常规灌溉量处理是京郊日光温室越冬茬黄瓜适宜滴灌量,全生育期灌溉总量为327.9 mm,其中苗期41.7 mm,初瓜期43.1 mm,结果期243.1 mm,当埋深20 cm的土壤张力计读数为-21.6 kPa时需进行灌溉。     

痕量灌溉对棉花花铃期光合性能日变化及产量的影响

【目的】明确痕量灌溉方式在干旱区灌溉棉田的适用性。【方法】本研究以中棉所92为供试材料,系统监测了痕量灌溉不同埋管深度30 cm(D30)、40 cm(D40)和50 cm(D50)和膜下滴灌(CK)4个处理的棉花花铃期光合日变化及产量效应。【结果】①不同处理下净光合速率和气孔导度的日变化均呈双峰曲线变化趋势,且D30处理各时段的净光合速率和气孔导度均高于其他处理。②不同处理下的胞间CO2摩尔分数日变化均呈广口"V"字形双峰曲线变化趋势,蒸腾速率日变化均呈单峰曲线变化趋势,最大值出现在14:00h。③D30处理的2年平均籽棉产量和平均皮棉产量最高,分别为5 734.28和2 454.53 kg/hm^2,其中籽棉产量分别比CK、D40和D50处理高出1.09%、7.63%和11.38%,皮棉产量分别比CK、D40和D50处理高出3.49%、8.32%和1.61%。【结论】综合光合性能日变化和产量分析得出,内蒙古阿拉善地区采用埋管深度为30 cm的痕量灌溉技术为最佳。     

江西省水稻蓄雨间歇灌溉模式初探

【目的】探索水稻蓄雨间歇灌溉模式节水减排效益。【方法】以鄱阳湖区双季早晚稻为试验材料,采用大田和测坑试验,研究了水稻蓄雨间歇灌溉模式对灌溉定额、排水定额、降雨有效利用率、产量、稻田水分生产率,以及氮、磷排放量的影响,并与间歇灌溉和常规淹水灌溉试验进行了分析比较。【结果】与淹水灌溉、间歇灌溉相比,蓄雨间歇灌溉灌排水量、灌排次数明显减少。双季早晚稻年平均灌水量分别减少975m^3/hm^2和1251m^3/hm^2,年平均灌水次数分别减少8次和7.5次;年平均排水量分别减少729 m^3/hm^2和893 m^3/hm^2,年平均排水次数分别减少5.8次和3.1次;蓄雨间歇灌溉降雨有效利用率明显提高。早稻降雨利用率分别提高12.40%和9.14%,晚稻分别提高6.84%和6.42%;蓄雨间歇灌溉模式下,双季早晚稻总氮排放量年平均减排7.64 kg/hm^2和3.12 kg/hm^2,减排幅度34.93%和14.26%;双季早晚稻总磷排放量0.180kg/hm^2和0.095kg/hm^2,减排幅度37.25%和70.59%。【结论】蓄雨间歇灌溉模式具有明显的节水、减排和提高降雨有效利用率的效果,在我国南方多雨地区具有较强的推广应用空间。     

Estimation of irrigation requirements for drip-irrigated maize in a sub-humid climate

Drip-irrigation is increasingly applied in maize (Zea mays L.) production in sub-humid region. It is critical to quantify irrigation requirements during different growth stages under diverse climatic conditions. In this study, the Hybrid-Maize model was calibrated and applied in a sub-humid Heilongjiang Province in Northeast China to estimate irrigation requirements for drip-irrigated maize during different crop physiological development stages and under diverse agro-climatic conditions. Using dimensionless scales, the whole growing season of maize was divided into diverse development stages from planting to maturity. Drip-irrigation dates and irrigation amounts in each irrigation event were simulated and summarized in 30-year simulation from 1981 to 2010. The maize harvest area of Heilongjiang Province was divided into 10 agro-climatic zones based on growing degree days, arid index, and temperature seasonality. The simulated results indicated that seasonal irrigation requirements and water stress during different growth stages were highly related to initial soil water content and distribution of seasonal precipitation. In the experimental site, the average irrigation amounts and times ranged from 48 to 150 mm with initial soil water content decreasing from 100 to 20% of the maximum soil available water. Additionally, the earliest drip-irrigation event might occur during 3- to 8-leaf stage. The water stress could occur at any growth stages of maize, even in wet years with abundant total seasonal rainfall but poor distribution. And over 50% of grain yield loss could be caused by extended water stress during the kernel setting window and grain filling period. It is estimated that more than 94% of the maize harvested area in Heilongjiang Province needs to be irrigated although the yield increase varied (0 to 109%) in diverse agro-climatic zones. Consequently, at least 14% of more maize production could be achieved through drip-irrigation systems in Heilongjiang Province compared to rainfed conditions.     

Evaluation of two organosilicone adjuvants at reduced foliar spray volumes in South African citrus orchards of different canopy densities

van Zyl, J.G., Sieverding, E.G., Viljoen, D.J., Fourie, P.H., 2014. Evaluation of two organosilicone adjuvants at reduced foliar spray volumes in South African citrus orchards of different canopy densities Crop Protection 00:0000–0000.Citrus producers in South Africa generally use high spray volumes (6000 to 16,000 l ha⁻¹) to control pests and diseases adequately for the fresh fruit market. In order to study the benefit of organosilicone adjuvants at reduced spray volumes, trials were conducted with two organo tri-siloxane adjuvants. Two separate spray trials were conducted in the Western and Eastern Cape provinces of South Africa in uniform navel orange orchards. Break-Thru S240 (super-spreader) and Break-Thru Union (spreader-sticker), at recommended dosages per hectare (300 ml ha⁻¹, respectively), were sprayed separately in combination with a yellow fluorescent pigment (1 ml l⁻¹) at a high (20 l tree⁻¹ ≈ 9600 to 12,100 l ha⁻¹, depending on tree and inter-row spacing), medium (14 l tree⁻¹ ≈ 6500 to 8500 l ha⁻¹) and low (8 l tree⁻¹ ≈ 3700 to 4800 l ha⁻¹) spray application volumes. Sprays consisting of the fluorescent pigment in water alone were used as control treatments. Trees were sprayed from both sides with a commercial multi-fan tower sprayer (BSF-Multiwing) at a constant tractor speed (2.4 km h⁻¹) and spray pressure (1500 kPa). The different spray volumes were achieved by using different spray nozzles (TeeJet Disc-Core type; full and hollow cone nozzles D3-DC56/46, D4-DC56/46, D5-DC56/46). Leaves were sampled from six canopy positions (inner and outer canopy position at bottom, middle and top of the tree). Deposition quantity and quality of fluorescent pigment were determined on upper and lower leaf surfaces using fluorometry, digital photomacrography and image analyses. Spray uniformity and efficiency were also compared among treatments. Deposition quantity generally increased with increasing spray volume, but normalised values showed better spray efficiency at lower volumes. In pruned and less dense canopies, a beneficial effect of adjuvants was observed in terms of deposition quantity, efficiency and uniformity, especially at reduced volume applications (14 l tree⁻¹) on the inside and outside of the canopy. Little improvement in deposition quality was generally observed with the use of adjuvants. These benefits were not as evident in very dense canopies, illustrating the importance of canopy management when spraying at reduced volumes. Data obtained from the study is valuable for future improvement in spray application methodology in South Africa and other developing countries.     

旱作滴灌铺膜播种农机化技术集成与应用

为解决因水资源缺乏导致的粮食减产问题,开原市大力推广旱作滴灌铺膜播种农机化技术。详细介绍该技术的主要内容、关键环节及培训情况,并综合分析该技术的经济效益、社会效益和生态效益,为该技术在开原市推广应用提供有益借鉴。     

不同微灌方式下水分调控对猕猴桃光合特性及产量的影响

【目的】为了研究不同微灌方式下水分调控对猕猴桃叶片光合特性及产量的影响,以"翠玉"猕猴桃为研究试材。【方法】采用小管出流(X)、微喷灌(P)和滴灌(D)3种灌溉方式在猕猴桃全生育期实施85%灌水量的轻度亏水(LD)、70%灌水量的中度亏水(MD1)、55%灌水量的偏重度亏水(MD2)和40%灌水量的重度亏水(SD)处理,并设置100%灌水量的对照组(CK),研究了猕猴桃叶片胞间CO2摩尔分数(Ci)、净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、羧化速率(CE)、瞬时水分利用效率(WUEi)、产量及产量水分利用效率(WUEET)在不同水分亏缺下的变化。【结果】与CK相比,D-MD1处理的日均WUEi及CE分别提高了8.5%和2.7%。P-MD1处理的日均Pn与CE较CK分别提高了10.7%和10.4%,X-MD1处理的日均Ci、Pn、CE较CK分别提高了10.9%、12.2%和11.4%。D、P和X三个处理的WUEET均较CK有不同程度的提高,但D、P和X的产量随着水分的亏缺程度的加大而下降,而滴灌各处理间无显著性差异。与CK相比D-MD1、P-MD1、X-MD1处理的产量分别提高了1.4%、1.6%、2.3%,重度亏水处理的产量显著低于其余水分处理,且其他各处理间无显著性差异。MD1处理在不降低产量的情况下,可以节约灌水同时提高WUEET,重度亏水与偏中度亏水间在WUEET无显著性差异,同时X-MD1的产量均高于其他处理。【结论】X-MD1处理是"翠玉"猕猴桃较为合适的灌溉水分亏缺模式。     

大棚蔬菜滴灌系统案例设计与分析

选取大棚蔬菜种植园为实例,根据当地的水文地质特征、水源条件、大棚分布以及蔬菜种植结构,详细计算并校核了滴灌系统的总体分布、灌溉均匀度、允许灌溉强度、设计湿润比、灌水器选择、毛管极限长度等设计标准参数。通过灌溉制度的制定,计算各级管道管径、水头损失,选择过滤器,确定水泵型号,完成了滴灌系统的整体设计。该滴灌设计案例分析过程详细,结果合理,可作为相关滴灌工程设计参考依据。     

基于土壤水分下限的宁夏枸杞滴灌灌溉制度试验研究

以宁杞7号枸杞为研究对象,在宁夏同心县开展2 a田间试验.设置4个关键控水期、3个控水水平共8个处理,研究枸杞不同生育期不同水分下限条件下根区土壤含水率、叶片光合生理指标、产量与品质变化;分析其耗水规律与水分利用效率,提出基于土壤水分下限的宁夏枸杞滴灌灌溉制度.结果表明:不同水分处理枸杞根区20~60 cm土层土壤含水率最大;叶片气孔导度随土壤下限升高而增大,高水分下限处理的蒸腾速率相对较大,叶片水分利用效率则相反;生育期耗水量随土壤水分下限升高而增大,2 a增幅分别为10.8%和12.8%,平均耗水量为386.6~463.2 mm,夏果期耗水量最大且差异具有统计学意义,是关键需水期.2 a均为处理S5的产量最大分别为2 208.15和2 571.30 kg/hm²,水分利用效率最高为0.39 kg/m³;水分处理对蛋白质含量影响差异不具有统计学意义,低土壤水分下限的枸杞多糖含量相对较高;全生育期分为6个灌水期,其中萌芽期灌水(春水)为375 m³/hm²;春梢生长期、花期、夏果期、秋果期的土壤质量含水率下限分别为50%θ_f(θ_f为田间持水率),65%θ_f,65%θ_f,55%θ_f,而上限为95%θ_f;休眠期冬灌量为450 m³/hm².